But if the Government will grievously err, if they carry out the sentences, the people will equally err if they give way to anger or grief over the hanging if it has unfortunately to take plane.  Before we become a nation possessing an effective voice in the councils of nations, we must be prepared to contemplate with equanimity, not a thousand murders of innocent men and women but many thousands before we attain a status in the world that, shall not be surpassed by any nation.  We hope therefore that all concerned will take rather than lose heart and treat hanging as an ordinary affair of life.

[Since the above was in type, we have received cruel news.  At last H.E. the Viceroy has mercilessly given the rude shock to Indian society.  It is now for the latter to take heart in spite of the unkindest cut.—­Ed. Y.I.]

IV.  SWARAJ

SWARAJ IN ONE YEAR

Much laughter has been indulged in at my expense for having told the Congress audience at Calcutta that if there was sufficient response to my programme of non-co-operation Swaraj would be attained in one year.  Some have ignored my condition and laughed because of the impossibility of getting Swaraj anyhow within one year.  Others have spelt the ‘if’ in capitals and suggested that if ‘ifs’ were permissible in argument, any absurdity could be proved to be a possibility.  My proposition however is based on a mathematical calculation.  And I venture to say that true Swaraj is a practical impossibility without due fulfilment of my conditions.  Swaraj means a state such that we can maintain our separate existence without the presence of the English.  If it is to be a partnership, it must be partnership at will.  There can be no Swaraj without our feeling and being the equals of Englishmen.  To-day we feel that we are dependent upon them for our internal and external security, for an armed peace between the Hindus and the Mussulmans, for our education and for the supply of daily wants, nay, even for the settlement of our religious squabbles.  The Rajahs are dependent upon the British for their powers and the millionaires for their millions.  The British know our helplessness and Sir Thomas Holland cracks jokes quite legitimately at the expense of non-co-operationists.  To get Swaraj then is to get rid of our helplessness.  The problem is no doubt stupendous even as it is for the fabled lion who having been brought up in the company of goats found it impossible to feel that he was a lion.  As Tolstoy used to put it, mankind often laboured under hypnotism.  Under its spell continuously we feel the feeling of helplessness.  The British themselves cannot be expected to help us out of it.  On the contrary, they din into our ears that we shall be fit to govern ourselves only by slow educative processes.  The “Times” suggested that if we boycott the councils we shall lose the opportunity of a training in Swaraj.  I have no doubt that there are many who believe what