The resentment was general in the North—­this new, largely Americanized North, Venustiano Carranza, the governor of Coahuila, organized the resistance in the provinces of Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas, while Maytorena, the governor of Sonora, and Pesqueira (later in Washington, D.C., as Carranza’s representative), with Obregon as the head of their military forces, rapidly cleared that State of Federals, with the exception of the port of Guaymas.  These fights were no mere bloodless affairs, but stubbornly contested, with heavy casualties, as a decided principle was involved in the conflict.  Villa, the old bandit and personal enemy of Huerta, organized a force in Sonora, and Urbina did likewise in northern Durango.  Arms, and especially money to buy them with, were hard to get.  Funds were obtained from the tariff at ports of entry, internal taxation, amounting at times to practical confiscation, contributions, and gifts from various sources.  It is said that the Madero family put aside $1,000,000, gold, for this purpose.

Though a few individuals went over to the Constitutionalist cause, the Mexican regular army remained true to the ad interim Government.  The revolutionists either held or rapidly possessed themselves of the great railroad lines in the majority of cases.  Huerta, who is an excellent organizer, soon appreciated the magnitude of the revolt and rushed troops to the north as rapidly as possible, his strategy being to hold all railroad lines and cities with strong columns which would force the revolutionists to operate in the intervals between the railroads.  Then Huerta, with these columns as a supporting framework, pushed out mobile columns for the destruction of the rebel bands.

The Carranzistas understood this plan and, to meet it, tore up all the railroads that they could and adopted as their fixed plan never to risk a general engagement of a large force.  For the first few months, the rebels, who had adopted the name of Constitutionalists, continued recruiting their forces and destroying the railroads.  The Federals tried to repair the railroads and get enough troops into the north to cope with this movement.  They obtained new military equipment of all descriptions, the army was increased, and old rebels, such as Orozco and Salazar, sympathizers or tools of the old regime, were taken into the Federal forces as irregulars and given commands.

To understand the apparent slowness of the Federals in moving from place to place and their inability to pursue the rebels away from the railroads, some idea must be given as to their system of operating.  The officers of the regular army are well instructed and quite competent.  The enlisted men, however, come from the lowest strata of society, and, except in the case of a foreign war, have to be impressed into the ranks.  They bring their women with them to act as cooks and to transport their food and camp equipage.  Military transportation, that is to