landscape.  Here a peak would appear with somber and cold outlines, its head buried in the clouds; there one could see snow fields and glaciers thrown together in hopeless confusion.  On November 11th we saw land to the south and could soon determine that a mountain range, whose position is about 86 deg.  S. and 163 deg.  W., crosses South Victoria Land in an easterly and northeasterly direction.  This mountain range is materially lower than the mighty mountains of the rest of South Victoria Land.  Peaks of an elevation of 1,800 to 4,000 feet were the highest.  We could see this mountain chain as far as the eighty-fourth parallel, where it disappeared below the horizon.

On November 17th we reached the place where the Ice Barrier ends and the land begins.  We had proceeded directly south from our winter quarters to this point.  We were now in 85 deg. 7’ S. and 165 deg.  W. The place where we left the Barrier for the land offered no special difficulties.  A few extended undulating reaches of ice had to be crossed which were interrupted by crevasses here and there.  Nothing could impede our advance.  It was our plan to go due south from “Framheim” and not to deviate from this direction unless we should be forced to by obstacles which nature might place in our path.  If our plan succeeded it would be our privilege to explore completely unknown regions and thereby to accomplish valuable geographic work.

The immediate ascent due south into the mountainous region led us between the high peaks of South Victoria Land.  To all intents and purposes no great difficulties awaited us here.  To be sure, we should probably have found a less steep ascent if we had gone over to the newly discovered mountain range just mentioned.  But as we maintained the principle that direct advance due south was the shortest way to our goal, we had to bear the consequences.

At this place we established our principal depot and left provisions for thirty days.  On our four sleds we took provisions with us for sixty days.  And now we began the ascent to the plateau.  The first part of the way led us over snow-covered mountain slopes, which at times were quite steep, but not so much so as to prevent any of us from hauling up his own sled.  Farther up, we found several glaciers which were not very broad but were very steep.  Indeed, they were so steep that we had to harness twenty dogs in front of each sled.  Later the glaciers became more frequent, and they lay on slopes so steep that it was very hard to ascend them on our skis.  On the first night we camped at a spot which lay 2,100 feet above sea level.  On the second day we continued to climb up the mountains, mainly over several small glaciers.  Our next camp for the night was at an altitude of 4,100 feet above the sea.