accepted the occupation of Tripoli as a necessity for the country, while the Clericals were even more enthusiastic.  But there was hardly a trace of anti-Turkish feeling; it was simply that the people, rejoiced at having awakened from the long nightmare of political apathy and international servility, had thrown off the grinding and degrading yoke of Socialist tyranny, and risen to a dawn of higher ideals of national dignity.  Italy had at last asserted herself.  The extraordinary efficiency, speed, and secrecy with which the expedition was organized, shipped across the Mediterranean, and landed in Africa, the discipline, moral, and gallantry which both soldiers and sailors displayed, were a revelation to everybody and gave the Italians new confidence in their military forces, and made them feel that they could hold up their heads before all the world unashamed.  A new Italy was born—­the Italy of the Italian nation.  In the words of Mameli’s immortal hymn, which has been revived as the war-song of the Nationalists,

   “Fratelli d’Italia, l’Italia s’e desta,
   Dell’ elmo di Scipio s’e cinta la testa.”

The actual operations of the war were too one-sided to be interesting from the military viewpoint.  Turkey had no navy which could compete for a moment with that of Italy.  Hence the Turks could dispatch no troops whatever to Tripoli, and its defense devolved solely upon the native Arab inhabitants.  These wild tribes were brave and warlike and fanatically Mohammedan in their opposition to the Christian invaders.  But they were wholly without training in modern modes of warfare and without modern weapons.  Their frenzied rushes and antiquated guns were helpless in the face of quick-firing artillery.

The Italians demonstrated their ability to handle their own forces, to transport troops, land them and provision them with speed and skill.  That was about all the struggle established.  On October 3d the city of Tripoli, the only important Tripolitan harbor, was bombarded.  Two days later the soldiers landed and took possession of it.  For a month following, there were minor engagements with the Arabs of the neighborhood, night attacks upon the Italians, rumors that they lost their heads and shot down scores of unarmed and unresisting natives.  Then on November 5th Italy proclaimed that she had conquered and annexed Tripoli.

The only remaining difficulty was to get the Turkish Government to give its formal assent to this new regime, which it had been unable to resist.  Here, however, the Italians encountered a difficulty.  They had promised the rest of Europe that they would not complicate the European Turkish problem by attacking Turkey anywhere except in Africa.  In Africa they had now done their worst, and so the Turkish Government, with true Mohammedan serenity, defied them to do more.  Turkey absolutely refused to acknowledge the Italian claim to Tripolitan suzerainty.  True, she could not fight, but neither would she utter any words of surrender.  Let the Italians do what they pleased in Tripoli.  Turkey still continued in her addresses to her own people to call herself its lord.