standard is supposed to have been deposited, with other measures, &c. in Winchester; he likewise (it is said) ordered halfpence and farthings to be made round, which before his time were square.—­The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge were first called “studia,” or “studies.”—­Edward the Confessor received yearly, from the manor of Barton, near Gloucester, 3,000 loaves of bread for the maintenance of his dogs—­In the reign of Edward III., only three taverns might sell sweet wines in London; one in Cheape, one in Wallbrook, and the other in Lombard Street.—­Lord Lyttleton, in his Life of Henry II., vol. i. p. 50, says, “Most of our ancient historians give him the character of a very religious prince, but his religion was, after the fashion of those times, belief without examination, and devotion without piety.  It was a religion that at the same time allowed him to pillage kingdoms, that threw him on his knees before a relic or a cross, but suffered him unrestrained to trample upon the liberties and rights of mankind;” again, “his government was harsh and despotic, violating even the principles of that institution which he himself had established.  Yet so far he performed the duty of a sovereign that he took care to maintain a good police in his realm; which, in the tumultuous state of his government, was a great and difficult work.”  How well he performed it, we may learn even from the testimony of a contemporary Saxon historian, who says, “during his reign a man might have travelled in perfect security all over the kingdom, with his bosom full of gold; nor durst any kill another in revenge of the greatest offences, nor offer violence to the chastity of a woman.  But it was a poor compensation that the highways were safe, when the courts of justice were dens of thieves, and when almost every man in authority, or in office, used his power to oppress and pillage the people.”—­Towards the close of the life of Henry IV., he kept the regal diadem always in his sight by day, and at night it shared his pillow.  Once the Prince of Wales, whom Henry always suspected more than he loved, seeing his father in a most violent paroxysm of disease, removed the crown from his bed.  The king on his recovery missed it, sent for his son, and taxed him with his impatience and want of duty, but the prince defended his conduct with such rational modesty, that Henry, convinced of his innocence, embraced and blessed him.  “Alas!” said Henry to his son, “you know too well how I gained this crown.  How will you defend this ill-gotten possession?” “With my sword,” said the prince, “as my father has done.”

Henry V. was, perhaps, the first English monarch who had ships of his own.  Two of these, which sailed against Harfleur, were called “The King’s Chamber,” and “The King’s Hall.”  They had purple sails, and were large and beautiful.