“In our country, the man of science leads an isolated life.  If he has capabilities of administration, our government does not yet believe in them.

“The director of the observatory at Pulkova has the military rank of general, and he is privy councillor to the czar.  Every subordinate has also his military position—­he is a soldier.

“What would you think of it, if the director of any observatory were one of the President’s cabinet at Washington, in virtue of his position?  Struve’s position is that of a member of the President’s cabinet.

“Here is another difference:  Ours is a democratic country.  We recognize no caste; we are born ‘free and equal.’  We honor labor; work is ennobling.  These expressions we are all accustomed to use.  Do we live up to them?  Many a rich man, many a man in fine social position, has married a school-teacher; but I never heard it spoken of as a source of pride in the alliance until I went to despotic Russia.  Struve told me, as he would have told of any other honor which had been his, that his wife, as a girl, had taught school in St. Petersburg.  And then Madame Struve joined in the conversation, and told me how much the subject of woman’s education still held her interest.

“St. Petersburg is about the size of Philadelphia.  Struve said, ’There are thousands of women studying science in St. Petersburg.’  How many thousand women do you suppose are studying science in the whole State of New York?  I doubt if there are five hundred.

“Then again, as to language.  It is rare, even among the common people, to meet one who speaks one language only.  If you can speak no Russian, try your poor French, your poor German, or your good English.  You may be sure that the shopkeeper will answer in one or another, and even the drosky-driver picks up a little of some one of them.

“Of late, the Russian government has founded a medical school for women, giving them advantages which are given to men, and the same rank when they graduate; the czar himself contributed largely to the fund.

“One wonders, in a country so rich as ours, that so few men and women gratify their tastes by founding scholarships and aids for the tuition of girls—­it must be such a pleasant way of spending money.

“Then as regards religion.  I am never in a country where the Catholic or Greek church is dominant, but I see with admiration the zeal of its followers.  I may pity their delusions, but I must admire their devotion.  If you look around in one of our churches upon the congregation, five-sixths are women, and in some towns nineteen-twentieths; and if you form a judgment from that fact, you would suppose that religion was entirely a ‘woman’s right.’  In a Catholic church or Greek church, the men are not only as numerous as the women, but they are as intense in their worship.  Well-dressed men, with good heads, will prostrate themselves before the image of the Holy Virgin as many times, and as devoutly, as the beggar-woman.