Each commander was to occupy so much space with his galley as to allow room for manoeuvring it to advantage, and yet not enough to enable the enemy to break the line.  He was directed to single out his adversary, to close at once with him, and board as soon as possible.  The beaks of the galleys were pronounced to be a hindrance rather than a help in action.  They were rarely strong enough to resist a shock from the enemy; and they much interfered with the working and firing of the guns.  Don John had the beak of his vessel cut away; and the example was speedily followed throughout the fleet, and, as it is said, with eminently good effect.  It may seem strange that this discovery should have been reserved for the crisis of a battle.

When the officers had received their last instructions, they returned to their respective vessels; and Don John, going on board of a light frigate, passed rapidly through that part of the armada lying on his right, while he commanded Requesens to do the same with the vessels on his left.  His object was to feel the temper of his men, and rouse their mettle by a few words of encouragement.  The Venetians he reminded of their recent injuries.  The hour for vengeance, he told them, had arrived.  To the Spaniards, and other confederates, he said, “You have come to fight the battle of the Cross,—­to conquer or die.  But whether you die or conquer, do your duty this day, and you will secure a glorious immortality.”  His words were received with a burst of enthusiasm which went to the heart of the commander, and assured him that he could rely on his men in the hour of trial.  On his return to his vessel, he saw Veniero on his quarter-deck, and they exchanged salutations in as friendly a manner as if no difference had existed between them.  At a time like this, both these brave men were willing to forget all personal animosity, in a common feeling of devotion to the great cause in which they were engaged.

The Ottoman fleet came on slowly and with difficulty.  For, strange to say, the wind, which had hitherto been adverse to the Christians, after lulling for a time, suddenly shifted to the opposite quarter, and blew in the face of the enemy.  As the day advanced, moreover, the sun, which had shone in the eyes of the confederates, gradually shot its rays into those of the Moslems.  Both circumstances were of good omen to the Christians, and the first was regarded as nothing short of a direct interposition of Heaven.  Thus ploughing its way along, the Turkish armament, as it came nearer into view, showed itself in greater strength than had been anticipated by the allies.  It consisted of nearly two hundred and fifty royal galleys, most of them of the largest class, besides a number of smaller vessels in the rear, which, like those of the allies, appear scarcely to have come into action.  The men on board, including those of every description, were computed at not less than a hundred and twenty thousand.  The galleys