Only in Hungary were the royal armies baffled.  There a regular republican government was established under Louis Kossuth.  Hungarian armies were raised, and, defeating the Austrians in pitched battles, drove them from the land.  The Austrian Emperor in despair appealed to Russia for aid; and the Czar having just trampled out an incipient Polish rebellion of his own, came willingly to the aid of his brother autocrat.  Just as Austrian troops had so often done in Italy, so now a huge Russian horde poured over Hungary, beat down all resistance, and having reduced the land to helplessness returned it to the angry grip of its insulted sovereign. [Footnote:  See The Revolt of Hungary.]

Yet Hungary did not wholly fail of her revenge.  She had brought about the downfall of Austria as a great political Power.  The once haughty empire had been compelled to cry for help, to be protected, even as were Italy and Spain, against her own people.  Her weakness was made manifest to the world.  Never again could she pose as the leader of European councils.

Thus it was only in France and Germany that the results of the upheaval of 1848-1849 remained evident upon the surface.  Prussia and the lesser German States became and continued constitutional kingdoms.  Germany was united in a closer though still vague union, in which Austria and Prussia struggled for a dominant influence.  But democracy had in many places committed such excesses that the huge body of the middle classes feared it and turned against it.  Such citizens as had property to preserve concluded that, after all, their ancient kings had been less tyrannic than King Mob.

In France, too, this reaction was strongly felt.  The revolution of 1848 had not been accomplished without an outburst from socialism or communism, which raised its red flag in the streets of Paris and was put down only after days of bloody battle with the more moderate elements.  So the French middle classes wanted peace, and they elected as president of the republic Louis Napoleon, nephew of their once famous Emperor.  In 1851 the President by a sudden coup d’etat overturned his own Government.  He declared the land an empire under himself as Napoleon III.  Enthusiastic patriots protested in burning words, but most of France appeared content.  Property-owners welcomed the return of any government that was strong enough to govern. [Footnote:  See The Coup d’Etat.]

Despite temporary setbacks, however, the advance of the power of the people in 1848 had been enormous.  The dullest tyrant could hardly believe longer in the permanence of personal despotism.  Even England, the stronghold of conservatism as well as of personal independence, was shifting her aristocratic institutions slowly toward democracy.