Thus after a siege of nearly four months Havelock succeeded in relieving Lucknow.  But it was a reenforcement rather than a relief, and was confined to the British residency.  The siege was not raised; and the city of Lucknow remained two months longer in the hands of the rebels.  Sir James Outram assumed the command, but was compelled to keep on the defensive.  Meanwhile reinforcements were arriving from England.  In November Sir Colin Campbell reached Cawnpore at the head of a considerable army.  He left General Windham with two thousand men to take charge of the intrenchment at Cawnpore, and then advanced against Lucknow with five thousand men and thirty guns.  He carried several of the enemy’s positions, cut his way to the residency, and at last brought away the beleaguered garrison, with all the women and children.  But not even then could he disperse the rebels and reoccupy the city.  Accordingly he left Outram at the head of four thousand men in the neighborhood of Lucknow, and then returned to Cawnpore.

On November 24th, the day after leaving Lucknow, General Havelock was carried off by dysentery, and buried in the Alumbagh.  His death spread a gloom over India, but by this time his name had become a household word wherever the English language was spoken.  In the hour of surprise and panic, as successive stories of mutiny and rebellion reached England, and culminated in the revolt at Delhi and massacre at Cawnpore, the victories of Havelock revived the drooping spirits of the British nation, and stirred up all hearts to glorify the hero who had stemmed the tide of disaffection and disaster.  The death of Havelock, following the story of the capture of Delhi, and told with the same breath that proclaimed the deliverance at Lucknow, was received in England with a universal sorrow that will never be forgotten so long as men are living who can recall the memory of the “Mutiny of Fifty-seven.”

The subsequent history of the sepoy revolt is little more than a detail of the military operations of British troops for the dispersion of the rebels and restoration of order and law.  Sir Colin Campbell [Footnote:  Died at Chatham, England, August 14, 1863.—­ED.]—­later made Baron Clyde of Clydesdale—­undertook a general campaign against the rebels in Oudh and Rohilkhand, and restored order and law in those disaffected Provinces; while Sir James Outram drove the rebels out of Lucknow, and reestablished British sovereignty in the capital of Oudh.

(1859) BATTLES OF MAGENTA AND SOLFERINO, Pietro Orsi

During the Crimean War (1853-1856) Austria remained neutral, while the Italian Kingdom of Sardinia joined Great Britain, France, and Turkey against Russia.  The power of Austria still kept despotic sway over the States of Italy, and it was the aim of Victor Emmanuel, King of Sardinia, to throw off this hinderance to Italian liberty and union.  It was the opinion of Count Cavour, Victor Emmanuel’s minister, that, by acting with the allies against Russia, Sardinia would increase her prestige with the European Powers, and thereby promote the movement for independence.  The success of the allies in the Crimean War confirmed the prescience of Cavour.