snuff-box, and in Ireland the nettle is his apron, and the convolvulus his garter; while at Iserlohn, in Germany,[7] “the mothers, to deter their children eating the mulberries, sing to them that the devil requires them for the purpose of blacking his boots.”  The Arum maculatum is “devil’s ladies and gentlemen,” and the Ranunculus arvensis is the “devil on both sides.”  The vegetable kingdom also has been equally mindful of his majesty’s food, the spurge having long been named “devil’s milk” and the briony the “devil’s cherry.”  A species of fungus, known with us as “witches’ butter,” is called in Sweden “devil’s butter,” while one of the popular names for the mandrake is “devil’s food.”  The hare-parsley supplies him with oatmeal, and the stichwort is termed in the West of England “devil’s corn.”  Among further plants associated with his Satanic majesty may be enumerated the garden fennel, or love-in-a-mist, to which the name of “devil-in-a-bush” has been applied, while the fruit of the deadly nightshade is commonly designated “devil’s berries.”  Then there is the “devil’s tree,” and the “devil’s dung” is one of the nicknames of the assafoetida.  The hawk-weed, like the scabious, was termed “devil’s bit,” because the root looks as if it had been bitten off.  According to an old legend, “the root was once longer, until the devil bit away the rest for spite, for he needed it not to make him sweat who is always tormented with fear of the day of judgment.”  Gerarde further adds that, “The devil did bite it for envy, because it is an herb that hath so many great virtues, and is so beneficial to mankind.”  A species of ranunculus supplies his coach-wheels, and in some parts of the country ferns are said to supply his brushes.  His majesty’s wants, therefore, have been amply provided for by the vegetable kingdom, for even the wild garlic affords him a posy[8].  Once more, in Sweden, a rose-coloured flower, known as “Our Lady’s hand,” “has two roots like hands, one white, the other black, and when both are placed in water the black one will sink, this is called ‘Satan’s hand;’ but the white one, called ‘Mary’s hand,’ will float."[9] Hence this flower is held in deep and superstitious veneration among the peasantry; and in Crete the basil is considered an emblem of the devil, and is placed on most window-ledges, no doubt as a charm.

Some plants, again, have been used for exorcism from their reputed antagonism to all Satanic influence.  Thus the avens or herb-bennett, when kept in a house, was believed to render the devil powerless, and the Greeks of old were in the habit of placing a laurel bough over their doorways to keep away evil spirits.  The thistle has been long in demand for counteracting the powers of darkness, and in Esthonia it is placed on the ripening corn to drive and scare away malignant demons.  In Poland, the disease known among the poorer classes as “elf-lock” is supposed to be the work of wicked spirits, but tradition says