like our own.  The warfare of Rome is by no means adequately explained by the theory of a deliberate immoral policy of aggression,—­“infernal,” I believe, is the stronger adjective which Dr. Draper uses.  The aggressive wars of Rome were largely dictated by just such considerations as those which a century ago made it necessary for the English to put down the raids of the Scotch Highlanders, and which have since made it necessary for Russia to subdue the Caucasus.  It is not easy for a turbulent community to live next to an orderly one without continually stirring up frontier disturbances which call for stern repression from the orderly community.  Such considerations go far towards explaining the military history of the Romans, and it is a history with which, on the whole, we ought to sympathize.  In its European relations that history is the history of the moving of the civilized frontier northward and eastward against the disastrous encroachments of barbarous peoples.  This great movement has, on the whole, been steadily kept up, in spite of some apparent fluctuation in the fifth and sixth centuries of the Christian era, and it is still going on to-day.  It was a great gain for civilization when the Romans overcame the Keltiberians of Spain, and taught them good manners and the Latin language, and made it for their interest hereafter to fight against barbarians.  The third European peninsula was thus won over to the side of law and order.  Danger now remained on the north.  The Gauls had once sacked the city of Rome; hordes of Teutons had lately menaced the very heart of civilization, but had been overthrown in murderous combat by Caius Marius; another great Teutonic movement, led by Ariovistus, now threatened to precipitate the whole barbaric force of south-eastern Gaul upon the civilized world; and so it occurred to the prescient genius of Caesar to be beforehand and conquer Gaul, and enlist all its giant barbaric force on the side of civilization.  This great work was as thoroughly done as anything that was ever done in human history, and we ought to be thankful to Caesar for it every day that we live.  The frontier to be defended against barbarism was now moved away up to the Rhine, and was very much shortened; but above all, the Gauls were made to feel themselves to be Romans.  Their country became one of the chief strongholds of civilization and of Christianity; and when the frightful shock of barbarism came—­the most formidable blow that has ever been directed by barbaric brute force against European civilization—­it was in Gaul that it was repelled and that its force was spent.  At the beginning of the fifth century an enormous horde of yellow Mongolians, known as Huns, poured down into Europe with avowed intent to burn and destroy all the good work which Rome had wrought in the world; and terrible was the havoc they effected in the course of fifty years.  If Attila had carried his point, it has been thought that the work of European civilization