Ferdinand saw that any attempt to subdue the city by main force would be perilous and bloody.  Cautious in his policy, and fond of conquests gained by art rather than valor, he determined to reduce the place by famine.  For this purpose, his armies penetrated into the very heart of the Alpujarras, and ravaged the valleys and sacked and burned the towns upon which the city depended for its supplies.  Scouting parties, also, ranged the mountains behind Granada and captured every casual convoy of provisions.  The Moors became more daring as their situation became more hopeless.  Never had Ferdinand experienced such vigorous sallies and assaults.  Musa[1], at the head of his cavalry, harassed the borders of the camp, and even penetrated into the interior, making sudden spoil and ravage, and leaving his course to be traced by the slain and wounded.

To protect his camp from these assaults, Ferdinand fortified it with deep trenches and strong bulwarks.  It was of a quadrangular form, divided into streets like a city, the troops being quartered in tents, and in booths constructed of bushes and branches of trees.  When it was completed, Queen Isabella came in state, with all her court, and the Prince and Princess, to be present at the siege.  This was intended to reduce the besieged to despair by showing the determination of the sovereigns to reside in the camp until the city should surrender.  Immediately after her arrival, the Queen rode forth to survey the camp and its environs:  wherever she went she was attended by a splendid retinue; and all the commanders vied with each other in the pomp and ceremony with which they received her.  Nothing was heard, from morning until night, but shouts and acclamations and bursts of martial music; so that it appeared to the Moors as if a continual festival and triumph reigned in the Christian camp.

The arrival of the Queen, however, and the menaced obstinacy of the siege had no effect in damping the fire of the Moorish chivalry.  Musa inspired the youthful warriors with the most devoted heroism.  “We have nothing left to fight for,” said he, “but the ground we stand on; when this is lost, we cease to have a country and a name.”

Finding the Christian King forbore to make an attack, Musa incited his cavaliers to challenge the youthful chivalry of the Christian army to single combat or partial skirmishes.  Scarce a day passed without gallant conflicts of the kind, in sight of the city and the camp.  The combatants rivalled each other in the splendor of their armor and array, as well as in the prowess of their deeds.  Their contests were more like the stately ceremonials of tilts and tournaments than the rude conflicts of the field.  Ferdinand soon perceived that they animated the fiery Moors with fresh zeal and courage, while they cost the lives of many of his bravest cavaliers; he again, therefore, forbade the acceptance of any individual challenges, and ordered that all partial encounters