It is clear that, the institution being successively modified according to circumstances at these different epochs—­although it always remained fundamentally the same—­the commencement and termination of each of these three periods which we have pointed out cannot be precisely marked; nevertheless, these three periods really existed in its history, and present us with very different characters.

Everyone knows the peculiar circumstances in which the Inquisition was established in the time of the Catholic sovereigns; yet it is worthy of remark that the bull of establishment was solicited by Queen Isabella; that is, by one of the most distinguished sovereigns in our history—­by that Queen who still, after three centuries, preserves the respect and admiration of all Spaniards.  Isabella, far from opposing the will of the people in this measure, only realized the national wish.  The Inquisition was established chiefly against the Jews.  Before the Inquisition published its first edict, dated Seville, in 1481, the Cortes of Toledo, in 1480, had adopted severe measures on the subject.  To prevent the injury which the intercourse between Jews and Christians might occasion to the Catholic faith, the cortes had ordered that unbaptized Israelites should be obliged to wear a distinctive mark, dwell in separate quarters, called juiveries, and return there before night.  Ancient regulations against them were renewed; the professions of doctor, surgeon, shopkeeper, barber, and tavern-keeper were forbidden them.  Intolerance was, therefore, popular at that time.  If the Inquisition be justified in the eyes of friends to monarchy, by conformity with the will of kings, it has an equal claim to be so in the eyes of lovers of democracy.

No doubt the heart is grieved at reading the excessive severities exercised at that time against the Jews; but must there not have been very grave causes to provoke such excesses?  The danger which the Spanish monarchy, not yet well established, would have incurred if the Jews, then very powerful on account of their riches and their alliances with the most influential families, had been allowed to act without restraint, has been pointed out as one of the most important of these causes.  It was greatly to be feared that they would league with the Moors against the Christians.  The respective positions of the three nations rendered this league natural; this is the reason why it was looked upon as necessary to break a power which was capable of compromising anew the independence of the Christians.  It is necessary also to observe that at the time when the Inquisition was established the war of eight hundred years against the Moors was not yet finished.  The Inquisition was projected before 1474; it was established in 1480, and the conquest of Granada did not take place till 1492.  Thus it was founded at the time when the obstinate struggle was about to be decided; it was yet to be known whether the Christians would remain