standing at the swinging feet of their victims.  Before the first battle of Gaza the Turks brought the rich Mufti of Gaza and his son to Jerusalem, and the Mufti was hanged in the presence of a throng compulsorily assembled to witness the execution.  The son was shot.  Their only crime was that they were believed to have expressed approval of Britain’s policy in dealing with Moslem races.  Thus were the people terrorised.  They knew the Turkish ideas of justice, and dared not talk of events happening in the town even in the seclusion of their homes.  The evils of war, as war is practised by the Turk, left a mark on Jerusalem’s population which will be indelible for this generation, despite the wondrous change our Army has wrought in the people.

When General Allenby had broken through the Gaza line the Turks in Jerusalem despaired of saving the City.  That all the army papers were brought from Hebron on November 10, shows that even at that date von Kress still imagined we would come up the Hebron road, though he had learnt to his cost that a mighty column was moving through the coastal sector and that our cavalry were cutting across the country to join it.  The notorious Enver reached Jerusalem from the north on November 12 and went down to Hebron.  On his return it was reported that the Turks would leave Jerusalem, the immediate sale of officers’ stocks of foodstuffs giving colour to the rumour.  Undoubtedly some preparations were made to evacuate the place, but the temptation to hold on was too great.  One can see the influence of the German mind in the Turkish councils of war.  At a moment when they were flashing the wireless news throughout the world that their Caporetto victory meant the driving of Italy out of the war they did not want the icy blast of Jerusalem’s fall to tell of disaster to their hopes in the East.  Accordingly on the 16th November a new decision was taken and Jerusalem was to be defended to the last.  German officers came hurrying south, lorries were rushed down with stores until there were six hundred German lorry drivers and mechanics in Jerusalem.  Reinforcements arrived and the houses of the German Colony were turned into nests of machine guns.  The pains the Germans were at to see their plans carried out were reflected in the fighting when we tried to get across the Jerusalem-Nablus road and to avoid fighting in the neighbourhood of the Holy City.  But all this effort availed them nought.  Our dispositions compelled the enemy to distribute his forces, and when the attack was launched the Turk lacked sufficient men to man his defences adequately.  And German pretensions in the Holy Land, founded upon years of scheming and the formation of settlements for German colonists approved and supported by the Kaiser himself, were shattered beyond hope of recovery, as similar pretensions had been shattered at Bagdad by General Maude.  The Turks had made their headquarters at the Hospice of Notre Dame in Jerusalem, and, taking