arranged without scruples and without intelligence.  No one can honestly guarantee the territorial integrity of Poland as it stands at present.  If a new-risen Russia, a renewed Germany, and an unextinguished Austria desire in the future a revision of the treaties they will be making a most reasonable demand to which no civilized country may make objection.  It is indeed Clauses 5 and 10 which have deprived the constitution of the League of Nations of all moral credit, which have transformed it into an instrument of oppression for the victors, which have caused the just and profound disapproval of the most enlightened men of the American Senate.  A League of Nations with Clauses 5 and 10 and the prolonged exclusion of the vanquished cannot but accentuate the diffidence of all the democracies and the aversion of the masses.

But the League of Nations can be altered and can become indeed a great force for renovation if the problem of its functioning be clearly confronted and promptly resolved.

The League of Nations can become a great guarantee for peace on three conditions: 

(a) That it include really and in the shortest space of time possible all the peoples, conquerors, conquered and neutrals.

(b) That clauses 5 and 10 be modified, and that after their modification a revision of the treaties be undertaken.

(c) That the Reparations Commission be abolished and its powers be conferred upon the League of Nations itself.

As it exists at present the League of Nations has neither prestige nor dignity; it is an expression of the violence of the conquering group of nations.  But reconstituted and renovated it may become the greatest of peace factors in the relations between the peoples.

3.—­THE SAFETY OF FRANCE AND THE MILITARY GUARANTEES

In the state of mind in which France exists at present there is a reasonable cause of worry for the future.  Since the conclusion of the War the United States of America have withdrawn.  They concern themselves with Europe no more, or only in a very limited form and with diffidence.  The Monroe doctrine has come into its own again.  Great Britain watches the decadence of the European continent, but, girt by the sea, has nothing to fear.  She is a country of Europe, but she does not live the life of Europe; she stands apart from it.  Italy, when she has overcome the difficulties of her economic situation, can be certain of her future.  The very fact that she stands in direct opposition to no State, that she may have competition with various peoples but not long-nurtured hatreds, gives Italy a relative security.  But France, who has been in less than forty-four years twice at war with Germany, has little security for her future.  Germany and the Germanic races increase rapidly in number.  France does not increase.  France, notwithstanding the new territories, after her war losses, has probably no more inhabitants than in 1914.  In her almost