“The true coal,” says Dr. Dawson, “consists principally of the flattened bark of Sigillarioid and other trees, intermixed with leaves of Ferns and Cordaites, and other herbaceous debris, and with fragments of decayed wood, constituting ‘mineral charcoal,’ all these materials having manifestly alike grown and accumulated where we find them."[2]

[Footnote 2:  Acadian Geology, 2nd edition, p. 135.]

When I had the pleasure of seeing Principal Dawson in London last summer, I showed him my sections of coal, and begged him to re-examine some of the American coals on his return to Canada, with an eye to the presence of spores and sporangia, such as I was able to show him in our English and Scotch coals.  He has been good enough to do so; and in a letter dated September 26th, 1870, he informs me that—­

“Indications of spore-cases are rare, except in certain coarse shaly coals and portions of coals, and in the roofs of the seams.  The most marked case I have yet met with is the shaly coal referred to as containing Sporangites in my paper on the conditions of accumulation of coal ("Journal of the Geological Society,” vol. xxii. pp. 115, 139, and 165).  The purer coals certainly consist principally of cubical tissues with some true woody matter, and the spore-cases, &c., are chiefly in the coarse and shaly layers.  This is my old doctrine in my two papers in the “Journal of the Geological Society,” and I see nothing to modify it.  Your observations, however, make it probable that the frequent clear spots in the cannels are spore-cases.”

Dr. Dawson’s results are the more remarkable, as the numerous specimens of British coal, from various localities, which I have examined, tell one tale as to the predominance of the spore and sporangium element in their composition; and as it is exactly in the finest and purest coals, such as the “Better-Bed” coal of Lowmoor, that the spores and sporangia obviously constitute almost the entire mass of the deposit.

Coal, such as that which has been described, is always found in sheets, or “seams,” varying from a fraction of an inch to many feet in thickness, enclosed in the substance of the earth at very various depths, between beds of rock of different kinds.  As a rule, every seam of coal rests upon a thicker, or thinner, bed of clay, which is known as “under-clay.”  These alternations of beds of coal, clay, and rock may be repeated many times, and are known as the “coal-measures”; and in some regions, as in South Wales and in Nova Scotia, the coal-measures attain a thickness of twelve or fourteen thousand feet, and enclose eighty or a hundred seams of coal, each with its under-clay, and separated from those above and below by beds of sandstone and shale.