ruin in case of a reverse in Canada.  But it was all in vain; and, on the 17th of October, Burgoyne—­much more sinned against than sinning—­laid down his arms.  The British garrison immediately evacuated Ticonderoga and retired to St Johns, thus making Carleton’s position fairly safe in Canada.  But Germain, only too glad to oust him, had now notified him that Haldimand, the new governor, was on the point of sailing for Quebec.  Haldimand, to his great credit, had asked to have his own appointment cancelled when he heard of Germain’s shameful attitude towards Carleton, and had only consented to go after being satisfied that Carleton really wished to come home.  The exchange, however, was not to take place that year.  Contrary winds blew Haldimand back; and so Canada had to remain under the best of all possible governors in spite of Germain.

Germain had provoked Carleton past endurance both by his public blunders and by his private malice.  Even in 1776 there was hate on one side, contempt on the other.  When Germain had blamed Carleton for not carrying out the idiotic winter siege of Ticonderoga, Carleton, in his official reply, ‘could only suppose’ that His Lordship had acted ’in other places with such great wisdom that, without our assistance, the rebels must immediately be compelled to lay down their arms and implore the King’s mercy.’  After that Germain had murder in his heart to the bitter end of Carleton’s rule.  Carleton had frequently reported the critical state of affairs in Canada.  ’There is nothing to fear from the Canadians so long as things are in a state of prosperity; nothing to hope from them when in distress.  There are some of them who are guided by sentiments of honour.  The multitude is influenced by hope of gain or fear of punishment.’  The recent invasion had proved this up to the hilt.  Then welcome reaction began.  The defeat of the invaders, the arrival of Burgoyne’s army, and the efforts of the seigneurs and the clergy had considerably brightened the prospects of the British cause in Canada.  The partial mobilization of the militia which followed Burgoyne’s surrender was not, indeed, a great success.  But it was far better than the fiasco of two years before.  There was also a corresponding improvement in civil life.  The judges whom Carleton had been obliged to appoint in haste all proved at leisure the wisdom of his choice; and there seemed to be every chance that other nominees would be equally fit for their positions, because the Quebec Act, which annulled every appointment made before it came into force, opened the way for the exclusion of bad officials and the inclusion of the good.