An increasingly important question, soon to overshadow all others, was defence.  In April 1768 Carleton had proposed the restoration of the seigneurial militia system.  ’All the Lands here are held of His Majesty’s Castle of St Lewis [the governor’s official residence in Quebec].  The Oath which the Vassals [seigneurs] take is very Solemn and Binding.  They are obliged to appear in Arms for the King’s defence, in case his Province is attacked.’  Carleton pointed out that a hundred men of the Canadian seigneurial families were being kept on full pay in France, ready to return and raise the Canadians at the first opportunity.  ’On the other hand, there are only about seventy of these officers in Canada who have been in the French service.  Not one of them has been given a commission in the King’s [George’s] Service, nor is there One who, from any motive whatever, is induced to support His Government.’  The few French Canadians raised for Pontiac’s war had of course been properly paid during the continuance of their active service.  But they had been disbanded like mere militia afterwards, without either gratuities or half-pay for the officers.  This naturally made the class from which officers were drawn think that no career was open to them under the Union Jack and turned their thoughts towards France, where their fellows were enjoying full pay without a break.

What made this the more serious was the weakness of the regular garrisons, all of which, put together, numbered only 1,627 men.  Carleton calculated that about five hundred of ‘the King’s Old Subjects’ were capable of bearing arms; though most of them were better at talking than fighting.  He had nothing but contempt for ’the flimsy wall round Montreal,’ and relied little more on the very defective works at Quebec.  Thus with all his wonderful equanimity, ‘grave Carleton’ left Canada with no light heart when he took six months’ leave of absence in 1770; and he would have been more anxious still if he could have foreseen that his absence was to be prolonged to no less than four years.

He had, however, two great satisfactions.  He was represented at Quebec by a most steadfast lieutenant, the quiet, alert, discreet, and determined Cramahe; and he was leaving Canada after having given proof of a disinterestedness which was worthy of the elder Pitt himself.  When Pitt became Paymaster-General of England he at once declined to use the two chief perquisites of his office, the interest on the government balance and the half per cent commission on foreign subsidies, though both were regarded as a kind of indirect salary.  When Carleton became governor of Canada he at once issued a proclamation abolishing all the fees and perquisites attached to his position and explained his action to the home authorities in the following words:  ’There is a certain appearance of dirt, a sort of meanness, in exacting fees on every occasion.  I think it necessary for the King’s service that his representative should