* * * * *

THE PHILOSOPHY OF COMPOSITION.

Charles Dickens, in a note now lying before me, alluding to an examination I once made of the mechanism of Barnaby Rudge, says—­“By the way, are you aware that Godwin wrote his Caleb Williams backwards?  He first involved his hero in a web of difficulties, forming the second volume, and then, for the first, cast about him for some mode of accounting for what had been done.”

I cannot think this the precise mode of procedure on the part of Godwin—­and indeed what he himself acknowledges is not altogether in accordance with Mr. Dickens’s idea—­but the author of Caleb Williams was too good an artist not to perceive the advantage derivable from at least a somewhat similar process.  Nothing is more clear than that every plot, worth the name, must be elaborated to its denouement before anything be attempted with the pen.  It is only with the denouement constantly in view that we can give a plot its indispensable air of consequence, or causation, by making the incidents, and especially the tone at all points, tend to the development of the intention.

There is a radical error, I think, in the usual mode of constructing a story.  Either history affords a thesis—­or one is suggested by an incident of the day—­or, at best, the author sets himself to work in the combination of striking events to form merely the basis of his narrative—–­designing, generally, to fill in with description, dialogue, or autorial comment, whatever crevices of fact or action may, from page to page, render themselves apparent.

I prefer commencing with the consideration of an effect. Keeping originality always in view—­for he is false to himself who ventures to dispense with so obvious and so easily attainable a source of interest—­I say to myself, in the first place, “Of the innumerable effects or impressions of which the heart, the intellect, or (more generally) the soul is susceptible, what one shall I, on the present occasion, select?” Having chosen a novel first, and secondly, a vivid effect, I consider whether it can be best wrought by incident or tone—­whether by ordinary incidents and peculiar tone, or the converse, or by peculiarity both of incident and tone—­afterwards looking about me (or rather within) for such combinations of events or tone as shall best aid me in the construction of the effect.

I have often thought how interesting a magazine paper might be written by any author who would—­that is to say, who could—­detail, step by step, the processes by which any one of his compositions attained its ultimate point of completion.  Why such a paper has never been given to the world, I am much at a loss to say—­but perhaps the autorial vanity has had more to do with the omission than any one other cause.  Most writers—­poets in especial—­prefer having it understood