Often well educated in white schools and comfortable in white society, the first generation of Indian leaders to emerge on the national level included persons like Charles Eastman and Gertrude Bonnin. Yet despite their acceptance of assimilationist ideals, they also contributed a new ideal of their own: a Pan-Indian identity that emphasized the commonness of Indians of all tribes. They recognized things that Indians held in common, much more than previous tribal leaders had done. While they valued a "civilized" lifestyle, they also respected their native traditions enough to recognize the injustices of the federal colonial domination.

In spite of all his physical and spiritual difficulties near the end of his life, Fitzgerald ambitiously began The Last Tycoon in Hollywood, where he spent the greater part of his last years writing for the motion pictures. There is a kind of heroic determination in his letters to his daughter...