¹ The quotations which follow will be given both in Arabic (Hyderabad, 1958) and in English (E. C. Sachau, trans., Alberuni's India, London, 1910, reprinted, Delhi, 1964).

² See E. C. Sachau, ed. Kitāb al-āthār al-bāqīya 'an al-qurūn al-khāliya (Chronologie orientalischer Volker von Alberūni), Leipzig, 1878, pp. 211-12; trans., The Chronology of Ancient Nations, pp. 194-195.

³ a'lmmat al-sū fīya. See H. Ritter, "Al-Bīrūnī's Ubersetzung des Yoga-sūtra des Patanjali', Orlens 9 (1956), p. 167, and S. Pines/T. Gelblum, 'Al-Bīrūnī's Arabic Version of Patanjali's Yoga-sūtra', Oriens 20 (1967), p. 310.

⁴ Pines/Gelblum, op. cit., pp. 309, 317, 319, 321-2 (fns. 58, 137-8, 165, 188, 199) provide some examples of al-Bīrūnī's implicit reliance on the language of Muslim mystics, but the examples could be multiplied with reference to the other three chapters of al-Bīrūnī unprecedented—and unsurpassed—venture into the realm of Hindu-Muslim metaphysics.

⁵ A solitary exception...