SOURCE: "Al-Bīrūnī and His Kitāb al-Jamāhir Fi-Ma'rifah al-Jawāhir' in Al-Bīrūnī Commemorative Volume: Proceedings on the International Congress Held in Pakistan on the Occasion of Millenary of Abū Rāihān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī (973 Ca 1051 A.D.) November 26, 1973 thnr 'December 12,1973, edited by Hakim Mohammed Said, Hamdard National Foundation, 1979, pp. 530-44.

[In the following essay, originally presented as a conference paper in 1973, Nadvi asserts that the moral philosophy of al-Bīrūnī is grounded in revelation rather than empirical factors, unlike his scientific contributions. Nadvi also contrasts al-Bīrūnī's work with the ethical thought of Immanuel Kant and the Utilitarians.]

The School of Baghdad survived the political downfall of the Caliphate. The creative activity of Baghdad although slowed down, did not cease completely until the middle of the XVth Century. Asia, India and China were influenced by the...