SOURCE: "Al-Bīrūnī and Al-Haytham: A Comparative Study of Scientific Method," in Al-Bīrūnī Commemorative Volume: Proceedings on the International Congress Held in Pakistan on the Occasion of Millenary of Abū Rāihān Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Bīrūnī (973 Ca 1051 A.D.) November 26, 1973 thru' December 12, 1973, edited by Hakim Mohammed Said, Hamdard National Foundation, 1979, pp. 501-13.

[In the following essay, originally presented as a conference paper in 1973, Heinen considers al-Bīrūnī and al-Haytham, two Islamic scholars of the tenth century, paying specific attention to their methodology in the early development of scientific practices.]