Isaac Newton was one of the leading mathematical and scientific geniuses of the 17th and 18th centuries, best known for his far-reaching discoveries in mathematics, physics, and optics. Among Newton's many achievements was his invention of the calculus (the German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz would independently invent it a few years later), the formulation of the three laws of motion and the universal theory of gravitation, and he proved that sunlight is the combination of many colors. Newton also served as master of the Royal Mint in London and president of the Royal Society of London for many years.

Newton was born on January 4, 1643. He was so small and sickly at birth that two women who were sent into town to get supplies for him delayed coming back because they thought he would not live more than a few hours. His father, who died a few...