Ernst Abbe made significant contributions in the fields of optics, mathematics, and microscope design. He attended both the University of Jena and the University of Göttingen, earning his doctorate from the latter in 1861. He was appointed to a teaching position at Jena in 1863, and eventually became professor of physics and mathematics and the director of both the astronomical and meteorological observatories there.

In 1866, Carl Zeiss appointed Abbe research director of his Zeiss Optical Works, a manufacturer of microscopes. Abbe remained in his teaching and directorship positions at the University, and used his combined resources to develop major advances in optical science.

Among Abbe's contributions to optical theory were the discovery of the optical formula known as the Abbe sine condition, which uses mathematics to define the optical characteristics a lens must have to form a clear image. Abbe also made major advances in the development of the microscope, including the apochromatic lens system and the condenser.

In 1876 Zeiss made Abbe a partner in his business, which also made Abbe a wealthy man. After Zeiss' death in 1888, Abbe reorganized the optical works and set up the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung (or Carl Zeiss Foundation) for research in science and social improvement. The University of Jena received a portion of the profits, as did employees of the optical works. Abbe also instituted a number of progressive human resource policies, including sick pay, profit sharing, and eight hour work days, that were almost unheard of at the time. In 1891, Abbe bequeathed his remaining shares in the Company to the Stiftung. He passed away 14 years later shortly before his 65th birthday.