The Boston University philosopher Borden Parker Bowne developed a system that he called "Kantianized Berkelianism," "transcendental empiricism," and, finally, in 1905, "Personalism." Regarded as "the father of Personalism," he trained many teachers of theology and philosophy and continues to exert considerable influence through the journals The Personalist and Idealistic Studies. A proponent of theistic idealism, Bowne challenged Thomas Henry Huxley and other natural scientists who dabbled in metaphysics, criticized the English evolutionary philosopher Herbert Spencer and the radical German theologian David Friedrich Strauss, debated with the Scottish common-sense realist philosopher James McCosh, and defended John Henry Newman's change of loyalty from High Anglicanism to Roman Catholicism. He was relentless in attacking uncritical Darwinianism, easygoing utilitarianism, all forms of materialism, and religious fundamentalism and literalism. In a 17 August 1908 letter William James called Bowne's Personalism (1908) "a splendid addition to American philosophy." According to Warren E. Steinkraus, "America's foremost civil rights leader...